The widest possible distribution of RECONSTRUCTION should be attempted in the hope that confusion concerning the financial dilemma present in Governments and businesses may be clarified and a realistic solution accepted.

RECONSTRUCTION
1943

The three articles here reprinted from The Evening Times, Glasgow, appeared in that newspaper on the 6th, 13th and 27th May 1932, as a sequel to publication by the same journal of an article, also by Major Douglas, outlining a plan for the application to Scotland of the credit scheme which he has put forward as a means of social reconstruction.
While the 'Social Credit Scheme for Scotland' is still available for those who are both willing to study its provisions and able to assess their practical social and economic consequences, it has become very markedly apparent since 1932 that it is not the absence of a plan that inhibits the carrying into effect of technical measures adapted to the reconstruction of social life on lines capable of leading to general satisfaction.
Power to execute plans of any description, designed to implement any policy, is monopolized by a small minority of individuals, of all countries or of none, not inaccurately identified as those in control of International Finance.
During the present phase of the world war, this fact has become plain to many, if not the majority, of intelligent newspaper readers, who are still, nevertheless, confused concerning what are the relevant economic facts of the present world situation, and thus fall an easy prey to planners whose objectives are hidden, to every eye but the expert's, under a disguise of pleasant appearing devices propagandised at immense expense in terms of current abstractionism. e.g. the 'Four Freedoms' of Mr. Roosevelt and the single 'Freedom from Want' of Sir William Beveridge.
The disposition of the public to 'fall for' vast schemes, emanating, without any doubt, from a single centralised source, and obviously requiring for their imposition the further expansion of the gigantic wartime bureaucracy, has been noticeably corrected by that same public's growing resolution to free itself from the menacing grasp of this monster if it can, and as soon as it can.
In consequence, a lusty crop of subtler devices to trap the elector may be expected within a very short time, and, indeed, organisations are already appearing, bearing obvious signs of attention to the recommendations of Major Douglas and his followers concerning the correct lines along which to work to obtain results.
Of these some can be distinguished as unsound only by close inspection of the histories and affiliations of the individuals promoting them. Their true character remains to be revealed when enthusiasm for their supposed objectives has risen to such a point as heavily to discount any revelations of the kind.
Unsteadied, the public mind swings from one error of judgment to its opposite.
The remedy, if there is a remedy, obviously lies in proceeding steadily to inform the public along as many lines as possible at once, with due regard to the greatest danger of the moment. At the present moment, a great, if not the greatest, danger is that the root facts of our situation may be lost sight of.
The articles of 1932 go far to make these clear to the widest circle of readers, and, not unnecessarily to limit this appeal, a specific reference to the Scheme for Scotland introducing the original articles has been removed.
There has been no further alteration.
References to the glut of produced goods, even now only partially in suspense, have been retained. It does not require unusual powers of discernment to grasp the fact that the jeeps, tanks, aeroplanes, shells, etc., etc., of our vast war production are really kitchen ranges, electrical installations, aluminium saucepans, fertilisers and POWER in an altered form, and that if they were being offered for sale in the shops, the public could not buy them.
References to time present, while they are in all cases references to 1932, are relevant to 1943, a circumstance which in itself reveals how little the realities underlying world events have changed even in these years of change usually dubbed momentous, and the exceptional power of the author to penetrate to their real meaning.

RECONSTRUCTION

1932

I

CAN WE HAVE TOO MUCH WEALTH?

Now I suppose no one would suggest that, even at the present time, there is any serious shortage of actually existing consumable goods - that is to say, food, clothing, and, with certain reservations. shelter from the weather. I have never met a tradesman even yet (although I may if the present situation persists) who complained that his difficulty was that he could not get delivery of the goods on order.
His complains is always that he cannot sell, certainly not at a profitable price. So that it is quite certain that if the general population had more purchasing power they would get more goods that at the present time, even if no more goods were produced.
That is to say, there is an actual surplus of consumable goods at the present time, quite a considerable amount of which surplus goods are wasted, or sold at a loss to the producer.

IMMENSE SOURCES OF REAL WEALTH

But having said this, we have only touched the fringe of the situation. For every loaf which is baked, and for every suit of clothes which is made, there probably exists the potential capacity, even at the present time, to produce three or four times as much, even without the installation of fresh machinery. So that behind the actual surplus of existing consumable goods there is a surplus (in some cases such as let us say, that of shipbuilding and machinery making, a colossal surplus) of unused potential products. But even this is not all.
Behind the unused surplus of existing consumable goods and the unused potentialities of existing productive capacity there lies a huge undeveloped capacity to extend our producting capacity. If anyone doubts that, let them consider the immense destruction of productive capacity which has been systematically carried out in this country since the war by the breakup of industrial undertakings and the decadence of industry.
It is probable that the productive capacity of Great Britain has been cut in half since 1920 by the deliberate policy of sabotage pursued by the Bank of England, and it would have been still further decreased had not inventive capacity, organisation and engineering skill still further improved and increased the output per manhour of labour employed.
So that there are three planes upon which it is true to say we possess immense undrawn-upon sources of real wealth.

THE 'SCARCITY COMPLEX'

Now the first trap into which we are likely to fall in considering this matter is, in my opinion, not so much as to whether we have at our disposal the means to become materially wealthy, because I believe that anyone who will regard the matter without prejudice along the lines that I have just indicated can have no doubt as to the truth of that suggestion.
It is to what extent, and for what fundamental purpose, we wish to draw upon the capacity.
Remember that, thanks to the illusion that a scarcity of money is the same thing as a scarcity of wealth, we are nearly all of us under the spell of what the psychologists call a 'scarcity complex'. We cannot believe that it is possible to have too much wealth of a material kind.
But it is easily possible to have too much wealth. We could, for instance, no doubt enormously increase the industrial capital value of Scotland by developing every waterfall and every salmon river into a water power for hydroelectric purposes, but I think myself that that would be a sad day for Scotland.
We could each and all of us have a powerful loudspeaker in every room, but I hope we never shall.
So that we have to be very careful to see that we run our productive system for the purpose of supplying all the tangible wealth that we can, as individuals, use with profit to ourselves, and do not, as at the present time, allow it to be run for a number of ulterior purposes amongst which we might instance that of a moral discipline, a hidden government, or a system of rewards and punishments.

THE MONEY-PRODUCING SYSTEM

Now it must be plain, from the co-existence in the world at the present time of material poverty, economic friction, a struggle for markets and other scarcity phenomena on the one hand, and the real and potential wealth I have just indicated above on the other hand - first, that money does not represent wealth, because there is a scarcity of money and there is not a scarcity of wealth; and, secondly, that our primary concern is not with the wealth-producing system but with the money-producing system.
Or to put the matter another way, it seems very difficult to deny that the first problem in dealing with the situation is to make finance, or the money system, reflect facts and to cease to let it control them.
The facts, as we have seen or can ascertain, are that a given amount of material wealth can be produced with a diminishing amount of human labour, but that when this wealth has been so produced the general public cannot buy it because it has not enough money.
Since probably well over 85 percent of the money which is distributed in industry is distributed in wages and salaries, it is easy enough to see that the problem of the mere distribution of purchasing power through the agency of wages and salaries (as apart from its total amount) becomes increasingly difficult as we get more and more production with the aid of less and less labour.

MONEY AND PRICES

But we also find that apart from this question of the distribution of purchasing power there is not enough purchasing power distributed to buy the goods which are for sale if the production of these goods has been financed by ordinary methods. There are many contributory causes to this situation, but it is probable that the main cause is due to the reappearance in prices of the same sum of money several times, a state of affairs which is rendered possible by the splitting up of production into a large number of processes.
If each one of these processes was financed by a fresh creation of money, which money remained in circulation until the goods in respect of which it was distributed were finally destroyed (which is far from the actual case), this situation would not arise. But, unfortunately, even then we should be subject to other technical difficulties connected with what is called the 'quantity theory' of money, which would result in prices rising very considerably above costs where the public had sufficient money to pay these increased prices, thus robbing every wage-earner of part of the value of his wages.
In other words, a large additional issue of money by existing methods would tend to produce the phenomena of what is called 'inflation'.
Many banking authorities, having for years quite incorrectly described my own proposals as 'disguised inflation', are now calling for undisguised inflation and a rise in prices. So that we have to find some method of issuing the money in such a way that it does not cause a rise in prices.

II

THE CASE FOR THE SOCIAL DIVIDEND

It has frequently been stated that it is impossible to issue money in such a manner as to cause a reduction in prices. Perhaps the shortest answer to this is that it is being done all over this and many other countries at the present time.
If I, having a capital of a million pounds manufacture an article of which the cost of manufacture is £5, and by reason of bad business methods, economic depression, or other causes, am forced to sell the article for £4, I am applying my private store of credit, which I call my capital of a million pounds, as a subsidy in aid of a reduction of price to the extent of 20 percent, and I can go on doing it until I have sold a million articles at a pound below cost.
And I can continue to do it if my bank will give me an overdraft. So, to put the matter another way, it is always possible to arrange that the price of an article can be paid for from two sources, one source being the person who buys the article, and the second source the person who sells it, if he sells it below the cost to him.
Now, if we imagine the general credit of the country (which is the source from which the banks provide overdrafts) to be substituted for the private credit of the individual, the question as to whether we can, at one and the same time, issue credit and lower prices is obviously only limited by the question of the quantity of credit we can issue.

BANK CONTROL OF CREDIT

We know quite well that the mechanism for expanding credit to a very large extent exists at the present time, but we also know that this mechanism is at the present time controlled by the banking system, that every grant of a loan by a bank creates a deposit (or an expansion of credit), and every repayment of a loan destroys a deposit.
Also every purchase of a security by a bank expands credit. That is the same thing as saying that when a bank buys shares or War Loan it gets them for nothing, since the payment is made by drawing a cheque upon itself.
With certain reservations it is quite obvious that a bank will not dishonour a cheque signed by itself.
When this cheque is paid into some other bank again it creates an increase in deposits, which is again an expansion of credit. The same thing is true of the purchase of gold by the Bank of England, which is merely paid for by a draft upon the credit of the bank, the real value of this credit being dependent on the willingness of the British community to supply goods and services in return for the credit and not upon any tangible value owned by the bank which is handed over in exchange for the gold.
But the question will obviously arise in the mind of the reader as to the limits to which this expansion of credit, under proper conditions, can be carried.
He may say reasonably that there must be some limit to the creation of money, and he would be quite right.
What is that limit?

DYNAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Now at this point we approach a somewhat more difficult aspect of the subject, because the economic system is not static, it is dynamic.
Production and wealth and consumption can only properly be measured in rates.
If we attempt to look at the matter from a static point of view we are sure to make the mistake which formed the starting point of the story regarding the committee of 'scientists' who, it is said, were asked to report upon the nature of the hum in a humming top. Their report was that the whole subject was nonsense, as they had taken the top carefully to pieces and were able to report that there was absolutely no sign of the existence of any hum!
If we grasp this idea, we shall not find it difficult to accept the statement that the wealth of a country, and therefore the basis of its financial credit, is not so much in the things that it actually possesses as in the rate at which it can produce them.
Now, the rate at which it can produce them is a composite thing, because side by side with production we always have consumption, so that we can say that the net rate of production is the gross rate of production minus the rate of consumption, and it is also possible to say that the absolute cost of all consumption is the rate of consumption divided by the rate of production.

INTERESTING STAGE

We are now getting to a very interesting stage, because it is only a step further to say that if we issue money at a rate corresponding to the rate of production we ought not to take it back at the same rate (which is what we do at the present time when we charge all costs into prices), but we only ought to take it back at the rate of consumption, which results in the startling conclusion that we ought to charge less than cost for articles sold, even if the rate of consumption as compared with the rate of production remains constant.
But we know that it does not remain constant.
Every improvement of process, machines, and the application of power to industry increases the rate of production without necessarily increasing the rate of consumption, so that not only ought we to have prices of goods below cost, but we ought to have them decreasing in relation to cost.
At that the rate at which we can issue additional credit is easily seen to be dependent upon the rate of increase of productive capacity, while the rate at which we take back existing credit and the new credit should be dependent upon the rate of consumption.

USE OF PURCHASING POWER

So much for general principles by which it is possible to issue additional purchasing power, while at the same time allowing prices to fall. What shall we do with this additional purchasing power? Obviously there are two things to be done with it.
First of all we have to make up the loss to the producer which he would incur by selling his product below cost and to allow him a reasonable remuneration in the form of profit. But we shall, I think, find that we have to do more than this, bearing in mind that every improvement of process for a given level of consumption means the displacement of labour.
Leaving all humanitarian principles out of consideration, it is not sensible to produce more goods with a decreasing number of individuals employed, unless we make provision that the increasing amount of goods is consumed.
So that we have to find a method of providing what we call 'purchasing power', so that those individuals displaced may get the goods which they are not required to produce, and I think there is no doubt that the conception of the dividend provides a perfect mechanism for this.

NECESSITY FOR DIVIDEND SYSTEM

If anyone doubts the necessity for the dividend system in addition to the wage and salary system, they will, no doubt, have a perfect explanation for the fact that as a result of the failure of many industrial concerns to pay a dividend during the past few years purchases of consumable goods of various kinds have declined to such an extent that unemployment has increased, and the amount distributed in wages and dividends has consequently decreased.
So to put the matter another way, it has been demonstrated, in my opinion quite beyond contradiction, that you cannot keep the modern productive system even moderately busy unless you have an increasing number of people who are not employed in it, but are using its products. That is the justification for the social dividend.
If I have made myself clear it will be seen both that it is required, and can be provided, by methods which are fully understood at the present time.

III

THE MONOPOLY OF CREDIT

To realise the nature of the powers conferred upon the holders of the monopoly of credit is to realise at once that, human nature being what it is, any suggestion designed to release the man in the street from the power of this monopoly is certain to be actively, if not openly, resisted.
The monopoly is in itself so indefensible, however, on the grounds of reason or equity that a realisation of its nature is quite sufficient to induce the banker (who in many cases is a thoroughly well-meaning member of society) to admit in private that it cannot continue.
At the current meeting of the Scottish Bankers' Association a resolution was carried instructing the committee to consider the terms which bankers should ask on being confronted with nationalisation, it being considered that this was bound to come.
If for the word 'nationalisation' the phrase 'socialisation of credit' were substituted I should agree.

TYPES OF CRITICISM

The criticism to which schemes designed to effect the socialisation of credit (by which is meant its distribution to individuals as distinct from its monopoly by bankers) are subjected can in general be separated into three classes.
The first type is anonymous, frequently disingenuous, and, in the main, relies upon an attempt to make the subject ridiculous rather than an appeal to reason. From its nature, and probable origin, there is not very much to be said about it.
The second type of criticism arises in the main from a complete or partial failure to understand the existing financial system, and a quite natural tendency to disbelieve that the extraordinary state of affairs which does, in fact, exist has not been exaggerated by its critics. An exhortation to further study seems to be the only reply to this class of objector.
The third type of criticism is in general based on a failure to appreciate the physical possibilities of the modern economic system as distinct from its financial features. Related to this latter class are most of the serious criticisms which have been advanced against the Scottish scheme of reconstruction, which appeared in the pages of The Evening Times of 11th March.
One correspondent based his criticism on a suggestion that the Scottish capital account could not be properly constructed so that a 1 percent dividend upon it would provide the national dividend mentioned in that scheme.

CAPITAL VALUES

Now, I confess that the first clause of that scheme was specifically drafted to induce exactly that criticism. There are many ways of arriving at capital values, and fundamentally there is very little doubt that the correct method of arriving at the capital value of any property is not so much what it cost to produce as the increased production which results from it.
We are accustomed to measure production in monetary values, but if the dependence of monetary values upon monetary policy is understood, there is no difficulty in grasping how illusive is such a method.
If I have a shipbuilding plant which cost one million pounds to build, and it is making a loss of £100,000 per annum, I may value the plant at one million pounds, but it is certain that nobody else will. On the other hand, if by a change in monetary policy consequent, let us say, on the outbreak of another war, I am able to make an annual profit of £200,000 instead of a loss of £1,000,000 it is quite possible that numbers of people will agree that my plant is now worth two million pounds.
Now, the figures of the value of real assets are consistently written down as a result of the operation of a number of factors, none of which are realistic and all of which are financial.
In the first place, rating values are based not on what a property cost but what it will let for, the owner doing the repairs.
Further, at the instance of banks and insurance companies, there is a tendency to depress capital values of real assets so as to increase the amount of collateral security which has to be provided by an applicant for a mortgage, which is another way of saying that the maximum amount of property passes into the hands of the financial system if or when the mortgage is foreclosed.
Much the same forces are at work to ensure that real property and plant is held on the books of financial organisations or even big industrial concerns at figures much below its real value for productive purposes.
It is probable to take one instance only, that the buildings belonging to the five great groups of banks and their associated insurance companies are shown upon the books of those institutions at not more than one tenth of their value.
So that in estimating the capital values of the assets of, let us say. Scotland, there are two main ideas to be borne in mind.
In the first place, these values have been consistently written down for reasons which are not physical but are financial.
And in the second place, their earning power is conditioned not by their physical utility but by financial policy, which again produces an illusion of diminished assets.

SIMPLE QUESTION

So that we really come back to the problem of giving an answer to a very simple question. Suppose we give, as an initial step, the additional income mentioned in the Scottish scheme to all families entitled to receive it, and suppose that they spend it in buying goods at the reduced prices which would be provided for everyone by that scheme, could those goods be produced?
I have no doubt whatever that they could and, if space allowed, I do not think I should have very much difficulty in proving that statement conclusively. But what is quite indisputable, I think, by everyone is that more goods could be produced than are produced at the present time.
Is there any sane person who does not want to produce more goods than are produced now?
Certainly it is not the farmer nor the manufacturer, always supposing they can get remunerative prices.
Certainly it is not the large bodies of unemployed who, if we believe what they themselves say, are anxious and willing to return to work on any reasonable terms.
Certainly it is not the shareholders in those companies whose reduction in turnover is the direct cause of their failure to pay dividends.
Certainly it is not the large landowner, whose land by means of penal taxation is being appropriated, not for the profit of the man in the street, but for the benefit of financial institutions who are coming into possession of all those parts of it which are valuable enough to sustain a mortgage.

ONLY ONE CURE